qpsmtpd/plugins/greylisting

#!perl -w

=head1 NAME

greylisting - delay mail from unknown senders

=head1 DESCRIPTION

Plugin implementing the 'greylisting' algorithm proposed by Evan
Harris in http://projects.puremagic.com/greylisting/. Greylisting is
a form of denysoft filter, where unrecognised new connections are
temporarily denied for some initial period, to foil spammers using
fire-and-forget spamware, http_proxies, etc.

Greylisting tracks incoming connections using a triplet (see TRIPLET). It
has configurable timeout periods (black/grey/white) to control whether
connections are allowed, instead of using connection counts or rates.

Automatic whitelisting is enabled for relayclients, whitelisted hosts,
whitelisted senders, TLS connections, p0f matches, and geoip matches.

=head1 TRIPLETS

In greylisting, I<remote_ip>, I<sender>, and I<recipient> are referred to
as the triplet that connections are deferred based on. This plugin allows
tracking on any or all of the three, using only the IP address by default.
A simple dbm database is used for tracking connections.

How that works is best explained by example:

A new connection arrives from the host shvj1.jpmchase.com. The sender is
chase@alerts.chase.com and the recipient is londonwhale@example.com. This is
the first connection for that triplet so the connection is deferred for
I<black_timeout> minutes. After the timeout, but before the I<grey_timeout>
elapses, shvj1.jpmchase.com retries and successfully delivers the mail. For
the next I<white_timeout> days, emails for that triplet are not delayed.

The next day, shvj1.jpmchase.com tries to deliver a new email from
alerts@alerts.chase.com to jdimon@example.com. Since this triplet is new, it
will be delayed as our initial connection in the last scenario was. This
delay could end up costing over US $4B.

By default, this plugin does not enable the sender or recipient in the triplet.
Once an email from a remote server has been delivered to anyone on our server,
that remote server is whitelisted for any sender and any recipient. This is a
policy that delays less mail and is less likely to impoverish your bank.

=head1 CONFIG

The following parameters can be passed to greylisting:

=head2 remote_ip <bool>

Include the remote ip in the connection triplet? Default: 1

=head2 sender <bool>

Include the sender in the connection triplet? Default: 0.

=head2 recipient <bool>

Include the recipient in the connection triplet? Default: 0.

=head2 deny_late <bool>

Whether to defer denials during the 'mail' hook or later during 'data_post'
e.g. to allow per-recipient logging. Default: 0.

=head2 black_timeout <timeout_seconds>

The initial period during which we issue DENYSOFTs for connections from an
unknown (or timed out) 'connection triplet'. Default: 50 minutes.

=head2 grey_timeout <timeout_seconds>

The subsequent 'grey' period, after the initial black blocking period,
when we will accept a delivery from a formerly-unknown connection
triplet. If a new connection is received during this time, we will
record a successful delivery against this IP address, which whitelists
it for future deliveries (see following). Default: 3 hours 20 minutes.

=head2 white_timeout <timeout_seconds>

The period after which a known connection triplet will be considered
stale, and we will issue DENYSOFTs again. New deliveries reset the
timestamp on the address and renew this timeout. Default: 36 days.

=head2 reject <bool>

Whether to issue deferrals (DENYSOFT) for black connections. Having reject
disabled is useful for seeding the database and testing without impacting
deliveries. It is recommended to begin with I<reject 0> for a week or two
before enabling I<reject>.

Default: 1

=head2 db_dir <path>

Path to a directory in which the greylisting DB will be stored.  This
directory must be writable by the qpsmtpd user.  By default, the first
usable directory from the following list will be used:

=over 4

=item /var/lib/qpsmtpd/greylisting

=item I<BINDIR>/var/db (where BINDIR is the location of the qpsmtpd binary)

=item I<BINDIR>/config

=back

=head2 per_recipient <bool>

Flag to indicate whether to use per-recipient configs.

=head2 per_recipient_db <bool>

Flag to indicate whether to use per-recipient greylisting
databases (default is to use a shared database).  Per-recipient configuration
directories, if determined, supercede I<db_dir>.

=head2 nfslock <bool>

Flag to indicate the database is stored on NFS.  Uses File::NFSLock
instead of flock.

=head2 p0f

Enable greylisting only when certain p0f criteria is met. The required
argument is a comma delimited list of key/value pairs. The keys are the
following p0f TCP fingerprint elements: genre, detail, uptime, link, and
distance.

To greylist emails from computers whose remote OS is windows:

  greylisting p0f genre,windows

To greylist only windows computers on DSL links more than 3 network hops away:

  greylisting p0f genre,windows,link,dsl,distance,3

=head2 geoip

Do not greylist connections that are in the comma separated list of countries.

  greylisting geoip US,UK

Prior to adding GeoIP support, I greylisted all connections from windows computers. That deters the vast majority of spam connections, but it also delays legit mail from @msn, @live.com, and a small handful of other servers. Since adding geoip support, I haven't seen a single valid mail delivery delayed.

=head2 loglevel

Adjust the quantity of logging for this plugin. See docs/logging.pod


=head1 AUTHOR

Written by Gavin Carr <gavin@openfusion.com.au>.

nfslock feature by JT Moree <jtmoree@kahalacorp.com> - 2007-01-22

p0f feature by Matt Simerson <msimerson@cpan.org> - 2010-05-03

geoip, loglevel, reject added. Refactored into subs - Matt Simerson - 2012-05

=cut

use strict;
use warnings;
use Qpsmtpd::Constants;

my $VERSION = '0.11';

BEGIN { @AnyDBM_File::ISA = qw(DB_File GDBM_File NDBM_File) }
use AnyDBM_File;
use Fcntl qw(:DEFAULT :flock LOCK_EX LOCK_NB);
use Net::IP;

my $DENYMSG        = "This mail is temporarily denied";
my ($QPHOME)       = ($0 =~ m!(.*?)/([^/]+)$!);
my $DB             = "greylist.dbm";
my %PERMITTED_ARGS = map { $_ => 1 } qw(per_recipient remote_ip sender
  recipient black_timeout grey_timeout white_timeout deny_late db_dir
  nfslock p0f reject loglevel geoip upgrade );

my %DEFAULTS = (
                remote_ip     => 1,
                sender        => 0,
                recipient     => 0,
                reject        => 1,
                black_timeout => 50 * 60,               # 50m
                grey_timeout  => 3 * 3600 + 20 * 60,    # 3h:20m
                white_timeout => 36 * 3600 * 24,        # 36 days
                nfslock       => 0,
                p0f           => undef,
               );

sub register {
    my ($self, $qp, %arg) = @_;
    my $config = {
              %DEFAULTS,
              map { split /\s+/, $_, 2 } $self->qp->config('denysoft_greylist'),
              %arg
    };
    if (my @bad = grep { !exists $PERMITTED_ARGS{$_} } sort keys %$config) {
        $self->log(LOGALERT, "invalid parameter(s): " . join(',', @bad));
    }

    # backwards compatibility with deprecated 'mode' setting
    if (defined $config->{mode} && !defined $config->{reject}) {
        $config->{reject} = $config->{mode} =~ /testonly|off/i ? 0 : 1;
    }
    $self->{_args} = $config;
    unless ($config->{recipient} || $config->{per_recipient}) {
        $self->register_hook('mail', 'mail_handler');
    }
    else {
        $self->register_hook('rcpt', 'rcpt_handler');
    }
    $self->prune_db();
    if ($self->{_args}{upgrade}) {
        $self->convert_db();
    }
}

sub mail_handler {
    my ($self, $transaction, $sender) = @_;

    my ($status, $msg) = $self->greylist($transaction, $sender);

    return DECLINED if $status != DENYSOFT;

    if (!$self->{_args}{deny_late}) {
        return (DENYSOFT, $msg);
    }

    $transaction->notes('greylist', $msg);
    return DECLINED;
}

sub rcpt_handler {
    my ($self, $transaction, $rcpt) = @_;

    # Load per_recipient configs
    my $config = {
                  %{$self->{_args}},
                  map { split /\s+/, $_, 2 }
                    $self->qp->config('denysoft_greylist', {rcpt => $rcpt})
                 };

    # Check greylisting
    my $sender = $transaction->sender;
    my ($status, $msg) = $self->greylist($transaction, $sender, $rcpt, $config);
    if ($status == DENYSOFT) {

        # Deny here (per-rcpt) unless this is a <> sender, for smtp probes
        return DENYSOFT, $msg if $sender->address;
        $transaction->notes('greylist', $msg);
    }
    return DECLINED;
}

sub hook_data {
    my ($self, $transaction) = @_;
    return DECLINED unless $transaction->notes('greylist');

    # Decline if ALL recipients are whitelisted
    if (($transaction->notes('whitelistrcpt') || 0) ==
        scalar($transaction->recipients))
    {
        $self->log(LOGWARN, "skip: all recipients whitelisted");
        return DECLINED;
    }
    return DENYSOFT, $transaction->notes('greylist');
}

sub greylist {
    my ($self, $transaction, $sender, $rcpt, $config) = @_;
    $config ||= $self->{_args};
    $self->log(LOGDEBUG,
               "config: "
                 . join(',',
                        map { $_ . '=' . $config->{$_} } sort keys %$config)
              );

    return DECLINED if $self->is_immune();
    return DECLINED if !$self->is_p0f_match();
    return DECLINED if $self->geoip_match();

    my $db   = $self->get_db_location();
    my $lock = $self->get_db_lock($db) or return DECLINED;
    my $tied = $self->get_db_tie($db, $lock) or return DECLINED;
    my $key  = $self->get_db_key($sender, $rcpt) or return DECLINED;

    my $fmt = "%s:%d:%d:%d";

    # new IP or entry timed out - record new
    if (!$tied->{$key}) {
        $tied->{$key} = sprintf $fmt, time, 1, 0, 0;
        $self->log(LOGWARN, "fail: initial DENYSOFT, unknown");
        return $self->cleanup_and_return($tied, $lock);
    }

    my ($ts, $new, $black, $white) = split /:/, $tied->{$key};
    $self->log(LOGDEBUG, "ts: " . localtime($ts) . ", now: " . localtime);

    if ($white) {

        # white IP - accept unless timed out
        if (time - $ts < $config->{white_timeout}) {
            $tied->{$key} = sprintf $fmt, time, $new, $black, ++$white;
            $self->log(LOGINFO, "pass: white, $white deliveries");
            return $self->cleanup_and_return($tied, $lock, DECLINED);
        }
        else {
            $self->log(LOGINFO, "key $key has timed out (white)");
        }
    }

    # Black IP - deny, but don't update timestamp
    if (time - $ts < $config->{black_timeout}) {
        $tied->{$key} = sprintf $fmt, $ts, $new, ++$black, 0;
        $self->log(LOGWARN,
                   "fail: black DENYSOFT - $black deferred connections");
        return $self->cleanup_and_return($tied, $lock);
    }

    # Grey IP - accept unless timed out
    elsif (time - $ts < $config->{grey_timeout}) {
        $tied->{$key} = sprintf $fmt, time, $new, $black, 1;
        $self->log(LOGWARN, "pass: updated grey->white");
        return $self->cleanup_and_return($tied, $lock, DECLINED);
    }

    $self->log(LOGWARN, "pass: timed out (grey)");
    return $self->cleanup_and_return($tied, $lock, DECLINED);
}

sub cleanup_and_return {
    my ($self, $tied, $lock, $return_val) = @_;

    untie $tied;
    close $lock;
    return $return_val if defined $return_val;    # explicit override
    return DECLINED
      if defined $self->{_args}{reject} && !$self->{_args}{reject};
    return (DENYSOFT, $DENYMSG);
}

sub get_db_key {
    my $self   = shift;
    my $sender = shift || $self->qp->transaction->sender;
    my $rcpt   = shift || ($self->qp->transaction->recipients)[0];

    my @key;
    if ($self->{_args}{remote_ip}) {
        my $nip = Net::IP->new($self->qp->connection->remote_ip);
        push @key, $nip->intip;    # convert IP to integer
    }

    push @key, $sender->address || '' if $self->{_args}{sender};
    push @key, $rcpt->address if $rcpt && $self->{_args}{recipient};
    if (!scalar @key) {
        $self->log(LOGERROR, "enable one of remote_ip, sender, or recipient!");
        return;
    }
    return join ':', @key;
}

sub get_db_tie {
    my ($self, $db, $lock) = @_;

    tie(my %db, 'AnyDBM_File', $db, O_CREAT | O_RDWR, 0600) or do {
        $self->log(LOGCRIT, "tie to database $db failed: $!");
        close $lock;
        return;
    };
    return \%db;
}

sub get_db_location {
    my $self = shift;

    my $transaction = $self->qp->transaction;
    my $config      = $self->{_args};

    if ($config->{db_dir} && $config->{db_dir} =~ m{^([-a-zA-Z0-9./_]+)$}) {
        $config->{db_dir} = $1;
    }

    # Setup database location
    my $dbdir;
    if ($config->{per_recipient_db}) {
        $dbdir = $transaction->notes('per_rcpt_configdir');
    }

    my @candidate_dirs = (
                          $dbdir, $config->{db_dir},
                          "/var/lib/qpsmtpd/greylisting",
                          "$QPHOME/var/db", "$QPHOME/config", '.'
                         );

    for my $d (@candidate_dirs) {
        next if !$d || !-d $d;    # impossible
        $dbdir = $d;
        last;                     # first match wins
    }
    my $db = "$dbdir/$DB";
    if (!-f $db && -f "$dbdir/denysoft_greylist.dbm") {
        $db = "$dbdir/denysoft_greylist.dbm";    # old DB name
    }
    $self->log(LOGDEBUG, "using $db as greylisting database");
    return $db;
}

sub get_db_lock {
    my ($self, $db) = @_;

    return $self->get_db_lock_nfs($db) if $self->{_args}{nfslock};

    # Check denysoft db
    open(my $lock, ">$db.lock") or do {
        $self->log(LOGCRIT, "opening lockfile failed: $!");
        return;
    };

    flock($lock, LOCK_EX) or do {
        $self->log(LOGCRIT, "flock of lockfile failed: $!");
        close $lock;
        return;
    };

    return $lock;
}

sub get_db_lock_nfs {
    my ($self, $db) = @_;

    require File::NFSLock;

    ### set up a lock - lasts until object looses scope
    my $nfslock = new File::NFSLock {
                             file               => "$db.lock",
                             lock_type          => LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB,
                             blocking_timeout   => 10,                  # 10 sec
                             stale_lock_timeout => 30 * 60,             # 30 min
                                    }
      or do {
        $self->log(LOGCRIT, "nfs lockfile failed: $!");
        return;
      };

    open(my $lock, "+<$db.lock") or do {
        $self->log(LOGCRIT, "opening nfs lockfile failed: $!");
        return;
    };

    return $lock;
}

sub convert_db {
    my $self = shift;

    my $db    = $self->get_db_location();
    my $lock  = $self->get_db_lock($db) or return DECLINED;
    my $tied  = $self->get_db_tie($db, $lock) or return DECLINED;
    my $count = keys %$tied;

    my $converted = 0;
    foreach my $key (keys %$tied) {
        my (@parts) = split /:/, $key;
        next if $parts[0] =~ /^[\d]+$/;    # already converted
        $converted++;
        my $nip = Net::IP->new($parts[0]);
        $parts[0] = $nip->intip;           # convert IP to integer
        my $new_key = join ':', @parts;
        $tied->{$new_key} = $tied->{$key};
        delete $tied->{$key};
    }
    untie $tied;
    close $lock;
    $self->log(LOGINFO, "converted $converted of $count DB entries");
    return $self->cleanup_and_return($tied, $lock, DECLINED);
}

sub prune_db {
    my $self = shift;

    my $db    = $self->get_db_location();
    my $lock  = $self->get_db_lock($db) or return DECLINED;
    my $tied  = $self->get_db_tie($db, $lock) or return DECLINED;
    my $count = keys %$tied;

    my $pruned = 0;
    foreach my $key (keys %$tied) {
        my ($ts, $new, $black, $white) = split /:/, $tied->{$key};
        my $age = time - $ts;
        next if $age < $self->{_args}{white_timeout};
        $pruned++;
        delete $tied->{$key};
    }
    untie $tied;
    close $lock;
    $self->log(LOGINFO, "pruned $pruned of $count DB entries");
    return $self->cleanup_and_return($tied, $lock, DECLINED);
}

sub p0f_match {
    my $self = shift;

    return if !$self->{_args}{p0f};

    my $p0f = $self->connection->notes('p0f');
    if (!$p0f || !ref $p0f) {    # p0f fingerprint info not found
        $self->LOGINFO(LOGERROR, "p0f info missing");
        return;
    }

    my %valid_matches = map { $_ => 1 } qw( genre detail uptime link distance );
    my %requested_matches = split(/\,/, $self->{_args}{p0f});

    foreach my $key (keys %requested_matches) {
        next if !$key;
        if (!defined $valid_matches{$key}) {
            $self->log(LOGERROR, "discarding invalid match key ($key)");
            next;
        }
        my $value = $requested_matches{$key};
        next if !defined $value;          # bad config setting?
        next if !defined $p0f->{$key};    # p0f didn't detect the value

        if ($key eq 'distance' && $p0f->{$key} > $value) {
            $self->log(LOGDEBUG, "p0f distance match ($value)");
            return 1;
        }
        if ($key eq 'genre' && $p0f->{$key} =~ /$value/i) {
            $self->log(LOGDEBUG, "p0f genre match ($value)");
            return 1;
        }
        if ($key eq 'uptime' && $p0f->{$key} < $value) {
            $self->log(LOGDEBUG, "p0f uptime match ($value)");
            return 1;
        }
        if ($key eq 'link' && $p0f->{$key} =~ /$value/i) {
            $self->log(LOGDEBUG, "p0f link match ($value)");
            return 1;
        }
    }
    $self->log(LOGINFO, "skip: no p0f match");
    return;
}

sub geoip_match {
    my $self = shift;

    return if !$self->{_args}{geoip};

    my $country = $self->connection->notes('geoip_country');
    my $c_name = $self->connection->notes('geoip_country_name') || '';

    if (!$country) {
        $self->LOGINFO(LOGNOTICE, "skip: no geoip country");
        return;
    }

    my @countries = split /,/, $self->{_args}{geoip};
    foreach (@countries) {
        $self->LOGINFO(LOGINFO, "pass: geoip country match ($_, $c_name)");
        return 1 if lc $_ eq lc $country;
    }

    $self->LOGINFO(LOGINFO, "skip: no geoip match ($c_name)");
    return;
}